Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a common mental health issue. Symptoms include inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Parents may notice these symptoms in toddlers, but ADHD cannot be properly identified until age four. The disorder is often diagnosed during elementary school when it becomes more apparent that a child does not pay attention or moves excessively. For teens and adults, symptoms of hyperactivity such as fidgeting, restlessness, impulsivity and impatience may be more pronounced.
ADHD is also considered a form of neurodivergence, the concept that there are a variety of ways that people's brains process information, function, and present behaviorally. Neurodiversity recognizes that both brain function and behavioral traits are simply indicators of how diverse the human population is. Thanks to their creative thinking, people with ADHD are often good problem solvers, energetic, and sensitive to others. Correct diagnosis of ADHD can be perplexing since many of the core symptoms are similar to everyday childhood behaviors. It may be difficult to distinguish between normal age-appropriate emotional growth and evidence of ADHD. As with many mental health conditions, there is no definitive way to diagnose ADHD.
Some professionals believe that ADHD has been overdiagnosed. The rising number of ADHD cases in recent decades is staggering. In the 1970s about 1% of kids were considered to have ADHD. By the 1990s the rate was over 3%. Today ADHD is thought to impact 5% of children and 2% of adults. It is about twice as prevalent in boys than girls. Even though some people are misdiagnosed, there is no doubt that ADHD is real.
Treatment is key to minimize the risk for social and learning problems. It is best not to seek simple explanations and proposed medical remedies that promise fast results. Most important is to learn about ADHD, consult with professionals and evaluate the options. Behavior therapy focuses on helping people learn how to control their behavior. Medication can also improve the symptoms, especially when combined with therapy. Along with treatment, ways to cope include keeping routines, avoiding distractions, and finding support with community groups and healthcare professionals.
